1. Avoiding flare:
   To avoid flare, shade the front of your lens when shooting into the sun. This can be done with your hand, or specfic products designed to help eliminate flare.

   

2. Creating a silhouette:
   To create a silhouette, meter on the sky on either side of the subject you want silhouetted.

3. Tight portraits:
   For close-up portraits, use an aperture of 1/16 or smaller, focus on the subject's front or most important parts, and make sure the camera back is parallel to the plane of the subject.

More in-depth answers to these and other questions can be found in the book, The Art of Photographing Nature.

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